{"id":1310308,"date":"2024-09-24T00:46:21","date_gmt":"2024-09-23T21:46:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tariq-aljaser.com\/site\/?p=1310308"},"modified":"2024-09-24T01:16:46","modified_gmt":"2024-09-23T22:16:46","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tariq-aljaser.com\/site\/archives\/1310308","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 Claude Shannon \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0631\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 William A. Higinbotham \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 Brookhaven \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 Tennis for Two. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1962 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 Spacewar! \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 PDP-1\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 PDP \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a Spacewar! \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c Nolan Bushnell \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 Spacewar! \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Computer Space \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1971\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 Ralph Baer \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 Magnavox Odyssey\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972. \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 Pong \u0643\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Atari 2600 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1983\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a Hunt the Wumpus\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628 Kenneth Thompson \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 UNIX\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 Gregory Yob \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 BASIC. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a Colossal Cave Adventure\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 Will Crowther \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0647\u0648\u0641 Mammoth Cave \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Dungeons & Dragons\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 J.R.R. Tolkien. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u201d\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f Don Woods \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Zork \u0641\u064a MIT.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0643\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 BASIC.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Apple II \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0648 IBM Personal Computer \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Atari 800 (1979) \u0648 Commodore 64 (1982) \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Dungeons & Dragons\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 Adventure \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0640 Crowther.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Infocom\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632. \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a Infocom \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 Zork \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a MIT.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 King\u2019s Quest \u0645\u0646 Sierra On-Line\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 Strategic Simulations Incorporated\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 Akalabeth\/Ultima \u0644\u0640 Richard Garriott\u060c \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0636\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 Empire \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u064f\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 PLATO \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 MUD (Multi User Dungeon) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u064f\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a 1979 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 Roy Trubshaw \u0648 Richard Bartle \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 Essex\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648<\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c Nintendo \u0648 Sega\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985 \u0648Sega Genesis \u0641\u064a 1989. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 NES \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Super Mario Bros (1985) \u0648The Legend of Zelda (1987). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 PlayStation 2 (2000) \u0648 Nintendo GameCube (2001) \u0648 Microsoft Xbox (2001)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Nintendo Game Boy \u0641\u064a 1989\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 Tetris \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 Game Boy Advance \u0641\u064a 2001\u060c \u0648 Nintendo DS \u0641\u064a 2004.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 iPhone \u0641\u064a 2007 \u0648App Store \u0641\u064a 2008\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 Angry Birds (2009) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Rovio Mobile.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

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